传家宝种子就是我们的曾祖父母所说的“种子”。在我小时候,我母亲经常抱怨说,你买不到她祖母种的那种西红柿。杂货店里的西红柿又硬又糊,没有味道。我们小区的农贸市场一开门,她每周都会买一袋祖传西红柿,像吃苹果一样把它们整个吃掉。
Heirloom seeds are just varieties that predate the industrial seeds that are commercially grown today. After World War II, new technology, new markets and plummeting fuel prices caused a rapid expansion in the average farm size, ushering in the era of industrial farming. Simultaneously, the rise of grocery chains and a shift in consumer demand meant produce had to be consistent in color and size, couldn’t bruise during shipping, and had to last on a shelf. Also, all produce had to be disease-resistant when grown in enormous, industrial monocrops.
种子公司培育了具有这些品质的新品种作物,并取代了许多老类型的种子。有些种子品种已经完全消失了。A study in 1983 found thatmore than 90% of seeds available at the turn of the 20th century were no longer available.
Interest in heirloom seeds and traditional seed-saving began to grow in the 1970s and has steadily gained momentum. Heirloom vegetables have flavor and variety that consumers are rediscovering. Farmers and gardeners today grow a wide variety of heirloom crops, but the trend has left people with questions. What’s the hype really all about?
Why Buy Heirloom?
The number one reason to buy heirloom is the taste! A garden educator in Seattle once told me that the kids in her urban garden program often say they don’t like tomatoes. However, once they try the tomatoes being grown in the garden, they change their minds. She speculated that many of them had never tasted a tomato that wasn’t from a grocery store-and those kids, like my mom, can taste the difference.
That difference almost certainly wasn’t in how they were grown – conventional tomatoes are grown in sun and soil like any other plant. The difference is in the freshness and the seed variety. Thetomatoes you will commonly see in the grocery stores是牛排,罗马牛排或camparis,他们是绿色采摘,以适应航运。On the other hand, urban gardens and local farms growdozens of heirloom varieties. When eaten fresh out the garden, the variety and depth of flavor will astonish you.
当然,西红柿只是一个例子。有一些传家宝苹果,味道是你从未吃过的。你可以在杂货店买到的苹果品种只是所有种植的苹果品种的一小部分。世界上每个地区都有独特的苹果树和栽培历史,以及数百个苹果品种。我最喜欢的苹果就生长在我上大学时住过的一所房子的隔壁。这棵树是20世纪20年代由自耕农种植的,现在的主人不知道这是一棵什么样的树,甚至不知道这种苹果是否有名字。
Related Post:Seed Saving: 5 Things I Never Knew
祖传马铃薯的颜色有亮黄色到深紫色。You can growcolorful ears of cornthat have fed humans on this continent for centuries before European contact,pink and white tie-dye beets彩虹胡萝卜或条纹西红柿。Half the fun of planting heirlooms is the excitement of choosing from such an amazing variety of beautiful and delicious plants!
One major reason given for growing modern, industrial seed is their productivity and disease resistance, because they are bred to be grown in enormous monocrops. However, some heirloom varieties may be more hardy and productive than their modern counterparts. Historically, seeds were bred, grown, and sold regionally, by small to mid-sized seed companies. The seeds sold locally were well-adapted to their region. By contrast, industrial seeds are often not very tolerant to frost, drought, poor soil, and other factors that vary by region. Heirloom seeds which have been historically grown in your region may grow as well as industrial seeds, if not better.
Finally, planting heirloom seeds helps create market demand that will keep these plants available for future generations to grow. Seeds can be saved inseed banks, but the best way to keep seeds and seed genetics safe for the future is to grow them every year in gardens and farms all over the world.
What is the Difference Between Heirloom and Hybrid?
Heirloom seeds are often marked “heirloom/open-pollinated.” Let’s decipher that.
Open-pollinated seeds are varieties that are expected to “breed true”—that is, their offspring will be similar in size, color, flavor, and genetic make-up. All heirloom seeds are open-pollinated, but not all open-pollinated seeds are heirlooms.
The opposite of open-pollinated is hybrid. Everybody get out your high school biology textbooks. RememberMendel? The classic breeding exercise has red peas crossed with white peas to get pink peas. The pink pea is a hybrid. It is, in fact, an F1 hybrid—the F stands for filial, from the Latin filius/filia meaning son or daughter. The 1 means it is the first generation after the cross.
The white and red peas are open-pollinated. You can cross a white pea with a white pea and you will always get a white pea. They breed true.
The hybrid, however, will not breed true. If you cross the pink pea with anything else—white, red or pink—the offspring will be inconsistent. That is, if you planted all the seeds from that cross (the F2 cross, short for “2nd filial generation”) the plants would have many different characteristics. Some would be white, some would be red, some would be pink.
This means that hybrid varieties are no good for anyone who wants to save their seeds to replant. However, there aregreat hybrid seedsout there! Seed breeders know that gardeners and consumers are becoming more and more interested in flavor and quality. They are developing new hybrids that are delicious and prolific.
Seed breeders are also developing new open-pollinated varieties through selective breeding. That’s why not all open-pollinated seeds are heirloom. Just because a seed variety was developed in the 20th century doesn’t mean it is soulless or tasteless! My partner’s favorite thing to grow, the Carmen red roasting pepper, is an F1 hybrid.
Where to Buy Heirloom Seeds
Most places that stock organic seed will stock heirloom seeds also. However, if you have a specific heirloom variety in mind you may have to go online or to a mail-order catalog to find it. I buy seeds from garden stores or the local co-op grocery when I am really late on my seeding, or when I just want a few packets of seeds. I don’t want to pay shipping if I am only buying 2 packets of lettuce seed.
If I have enough time to wait for shipping and if I want to order a large quantity, the internet is the place to look. One of my favorite winter activities is ordering seeds for the farm. In January every year my partner and I sit by the fire with a glass of last September’s cider and some roasted chestnuts and go nuts in online seed catalogs.
So many companies sell heirloom seeds, it is easy to get lost. We usually buy from at least five different seed companies every season. Some specific varieties like theStriped Roman tomato只能从一两个种子育种者那里得到。其他种子也很常见。你可以尝试选择你最喜欢的公司。
In a normal year we order some seeds from all of these companies:
- Johnny’s Seeds
- Osborne Seed Co
- High Mowing Seeds
- Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds
- Territorial Seed Co
- Uprising Seeds
- Grow Organic
- Adaptive Seeds
Over time we have gotten a sense of which seeds and varieties each company excels at. Of course, these are just a few of the many options out there! Some companies, like Adaptive, specialize in seeds adapted to a region of the country or the world. Investigate your regional seed breeders!
If you are looking for a rare seed historically grown in your region, try asking your local agricultural extension service. Often the extensions of land-grant universities have seed banks, but they may or may not sell to gardeners. Your local community may have a seed-saving exchange also. Interesting varieties may be available, but the quality of seed is likely to vary. You will probably get less consistent germination and plant quality.
你也可以买到传家宝树。你当地的苗圃可能不会种植祖传水果和坚果品种,但你可以在网上订购树木,并让他们运来给你。Burnt Ridge Nurseryin western Washington specializes in heritage varieties that thrive in the Pacific Northwest, but ships throughout the country.
The bottom line is that heirloom seeds are great eating and worth preserving. I feel a sense of excitement and nostalgia when I plant heirloom seeds because it makes me feel like a living part of history. When we grow heirloom seeds we are part of something much bigger than ourselves—we are part of a living tradition of food that connects the future with the past.
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